Source: [1] Qiang L. et al. A novel macrophage-mediated biomimetic delivery system with NIR-triggered release for prostate cancer therapy. Journal of nanobiotechnology, 17(1) (2019), pp. 1-15.
Source: [2] Navolokin N. A. et al. Systemic administration of polyelectrolyte microcapsules: where do they accumulate and when? in vivo and ex vivo study. Nanomaterials, 8(1), p. 812.
Source: [3] Pang L. et al. Primary M1 macrophages as multifunctional carrier combined with PLGA nanoparticle delivering anticancer drug for efficient glioma therapy. Drug Delivery, 25(1), pp. 1922-1931.
acquired
verb
buy or obtain (an asset or object) for oneself.
Example: [3] The particles were acquired and washed with by centrifugation.
ru: получить
appropriate
adjective
suitable or proper in the circumstances.
Example: [2] Appropriate qualitative and quantitative assay methods need to be established and be sensitive enough to detect the presence of microcapsules in cells and tissues.
ru: соответствующий, подходящий, свойственный
cleavage
noun
a sharp division; a split.
Example: [3] Caspase-3, a frequently activated death protease, is crucial mediator of programmed cell death (apoptosis), catalyzing the specific cleavage of many key cellular proteins.
ru: расщепление
comprehensive
adjective
including or dealing with all or nearly all elements or aspects of something.
Example: [2] Morphological methods, such as histology, allow comprehensive determination of the quantitative content of capsules in sections of internal organs, time points the capsules appear there, maximum accumulation and the delocalization of whole capsules between internal organs, and, at the end, to evaluate complete capsule destruction and elimination of their components at certain time points after intravenous administration.
ru: всесторонний, исчерпывающий, обширный
corresponding
analogous or equivalent in character, form, or function; comparable.
Example: [2]Initial assessment of capsule distribution was done by MRI. Magnetite nanoparticles mainly reduce the transverse relaxation time T2 and cause the darker staining of corresponding marked tissue areas on T2-weighted images .
ru: соответствующий, соответственный, подобный
cumulative
adjective
increasing or increased in quantity, degree, or force by successive additions.
Example: [1]After NIR irradiation, the cumulative release rate of the drug reached 80.6% within 4 h, which was 3.3 times higher than that of the untreated group.
ru: совокупный, кумулятивный, накопленный
delayed
verb
make (someone or something) late or slow.
Example: [3] In our studies, it was found the DOX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (DOX@NPs) instead of DOX was loaded into M1 macrophage, which delayed the toxicity of DOX to M1 macrophage.
ru: задержанный, замедленный, заторможенный
discrepancy
noun
an illogical or surprising lack of compatibility or similarity between two or more facts.
Example: [2] Although the discrepancy of the results obtained by ESR and MRI could be explained by the sensitivity of both methods to magnetite nanoparticle conditions and the integrity of the microcapsule shells.
ru: несоответствие, расхождение, противоречие
disruption
noun
disturbance or problems which interrupt an event, activity, or process.
Example: [1]Other than its high drug-loading capacity, rGO also has a strong photothermal conversion efficiency, which could efficiently convert the absorbed light energy into heat, thus causing the disruption of bond energy and release of the loaded drug.
ru: разрушение, срыв, разрыв
divided into
adjective
split into parts; separated.
Example: [3] Macrophages are divided into two phenotypes from oncologic viewpoint: M1 macrophages (classically activated macrophages) at one extreme and M2 macrophages (alternatively activated macrophages) at the other
ru: разделен на
encouraged
verb
give support, confidence, or hope to (someone).
Example: [1] The excellent photothermal conversion ability of PEG-BPEI-rGO in vitro encouraged us to carry out the further investigation in vivo.
ru: поощряется
exceeded
verb
be greater in number or size than (a quantity, number, or other measurable thing).
Example: [1]When the concentration exceeded 30 μg/mL, the drug loading of macrophages did not change significantly with the increase of concentration.
ru: превышен
hollow
adjective
having a hole or empty space inside.
Example: [2] A hollow cathode lamp was used as the light source.
ru: полый, пустотелый, пустой
inherent
adjective
existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute.
Example: The fluorescence signals of tumors in the group treated with MAs-DOX/PEG-BPEI-rGO and NIR were much stronger than that in the group treated with DOX/PEG-BPEI-rGO and NIR irradiation (Fig. 7b), indicating that the macrophages could efficiently transfer DOX/PEG-BPEI-rGO to the tumor site via their inherent tumor homing ability.
ru: присущий, неотъемлемый, врожденный
Initial
adjective
existing or occurring at the beginning.
Example: [2]Initial assessment of capsule distribution was done by MRI. Magnetite nanoparticles mainly reduce the transverse relaxation time T2 and cause the darker staining of corresponding marked tissue areas on T2-weighted images.
ru: первоначальный, начальный, исходный
insufficient
adjective
not enough; inadequate
Example: [1] However, limited drug loading (DL) and insufficient drug release at the tumor site remain the main obstacles in developing macrophage-based delivery systems.
ru: недостаточный, неудовлетворительный, неполный
integrity
noun
the state of being whole and undivided.
Example: [2] Although the discrepancy of the results obtained by ESR and MRI could be explained by the sensitivity of both methods to magnetite nanoparticle conditions and the integrity of the microcapsule shells.
ru: целостность, неприкосновенность, честность
interstitial
adjective
of, forming, or occupying interstices.
Example: [3] Our previous studies have shown that macrophages have the ability to carry nanoparticles across the endothelial barrier into brain tissue by the mediation of cell adhesion molecules and further overcome the high interstitial fluid pressure into the core of glioma.
cause or enable (a condition or situation) to continue.
Example: [1] As MAs-DOX/PEG-BPEI-rGO could maintain stability before getting NIR irradiation, only a small amount of DOX was released into the circulatory system, and most DOX was delivered to the tumor site and released upon NIR irradiation.
ru: поддерживать, сохранять, содержать
mature
adjective
fully developed physically; full-grown.
Example: [3] Non-M2 phenotype macrophages in tumor tissues can polarize into M2 phenotype TAMs in response to harsh tumor environmental stimulus during tumor progression (Chen et al., 2011; Noy et al., 2014), whereas the conversion from mature M1 macrophage to another extreme of macrophage (M2 macrophage) requires certain stimulus and enough time (Martinez & Gordon, 2014)
ru: зрелый, выдержанный, развитой
prominent
adjective
important; famous.
Example: [3]Macrophages are prominent components of solid tumors, often comprising a major fraction of cell mass
ru: известный, видный, выдающийся
purchased
verb
acquire (something) by paying for it; buy.
Example: [3] All cell culture reagents were purchased from Corning.
ru: куплен
retained
verb
continue to have (something); keep possession of.
Example: [1] As shown in Fig. 6c, MAs-DOX/PEG-BPEI-rGO treated with NIR irradiation could produce a significant anti-proliferation effect, indicating that DOX released from the macrophages still retained its bioactivity.
ru: сохранил
reversible
adjective
(of the effects of a process or condition) capable of being reversed so that the previous state or situation is restored.
Example: [2] The IVI of microcapsules resulted in reversible morphological changes in most of the examined inner organs (kidney, heart, liver, and spleen).
ru: обратимый
rigorously
adjectiv
in an extremely thorough and careful way
Example: [3] It displays unique pathological characteristics from other tumors, particularly, various barriers including blood-brain barrier, blood-brain tumor barrier, and high interstitial tissue pressure rigorously prevent therapy agents from reaching the tumor sites.
ru: строго
sacrificed
verb
offer or kill as a religious sacrifice.
Example: [1]All mice were sacrificed after the last operation
ru: убиты
sequentially
adverb
by forming or following a logical order or sequence.
Example: [1] DOX loaded in the biomimetic drug delivery system was released sequentially: the photothermal heat generated by NIR irradiation caused DOX to release from the surface of PEG-BPEI-rGO, and then the dissociated DOX was excreted out of the macrophages.
ru: последовательно
supine
adjective
lying face upwards.
Example: [2] Immobilization of animals was carried out for 60 min in the supine position with the fixation of the limbs.
ru: лежа на спине
sustained
adjective
continuing for an extended period or without interruption.
Example: [3]Cell-mediated drug delivery system offers several advantages over other systems, which include long circulation, specific tropism to diseased tissues, sustained drug release, and limited immunogenicity.
ru: устойчивый, длительный, непрерывный
swelling
noun
an abnormal enlargement of a part of the body, typically as a result of an accumulation of fluid.
Example: [2] Four hours after IVI of microcapsules, the severity of changes was reduced, and capsules were not detected; moderate swelling and granular degeneration were saved to the week after the introduction and after a month, the normal structure of the myocardium was seen.
